AWWA MTC57676

Membrane softening and desalting processes, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), are becoming increasingly important as existing freshwater sources become saline, or new alternative water sources become scarce. Water providers are selecting membranes because of their lower cost trends and ability to treat hard, brackish, and seawater sources that other conventional processes cannot. Water utility decision makers require meaningful and accurate construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost data to determine the feasibility of treating hard or saline water sources. Includes reference, table, figures.