R49 -- Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration (SI)

This chapter briefly describes many of the principles driving the present growth and development of low-temperature biological applications. An understanding of these principles is required to optimize design of practical apparatus for low-temperature biological processes. Although this field is growing in both breadth and sophistication, this chapter is restricted to processes that involve temperatures below which ice formation is normally encountered (i.e., 32°F [0°C]), and to an overview of the state of the art. Preservation Applications Research Applications Clinical Applications Refrigeration Hardware for Cryobiological Applications